Fouls and Market Size: Any Correlation?
(An excellent analysis from the FanPosts. - TZ)
In the Kings/Mavs recap thread, BrooklynFan asked if there is a discrepancy between how fouls are called for small-market teams vs. the big boys. I was curious about this too, nobody else wanted to do it (too busy knitting car covers or some such), and I had some time at work this morning… so I looked up YTD 09-10 stats on StatSheet.com as well as the market rankings by TV households as listed at TVB.org, and I crunched the numbers.
First, a couple of assumptions:
- I included the Nets in the New York market.
- Toronto was not included in the TV household rankings (not a US market), so I put them in the middle third of NBA markets at #14. Completely PFS. (Plucked From Sky).
- I did not adjust the market size for Nets/Knicks or for L*kers/Clippers; even if I were to split the NY and LA market sizes in half (with half going to each team), each of the four teams would still have a top-ten market size ranking.
- Large-market teams are defined as the top 10 NBA cities by market size; small-market teams are defined as the bottom 10 NBA cities by market size.
I then proceeded to calculate the differential for each team’s Fouls per Game against each team’s Opponent Fouls per Game – a positive number means that a team’s opponents commit (er, get called for) more fouls per game, and a negative number vice versa. Basically, a positive number is good, and a negative number is bad.
Some interesting results:
- The top 10 teams in FPG differential include (3) large-market teams, and (3) small-market teams.
- The middle 10 teams in FPG differential include (4) large-market teams, and (4) small-market teams.
- The bottom 10 teams in FPG differential include (3) large-market teams, and (3) small-market teams.
Here’s a scattergram of FPG differential (y-axis) against market size (x-axis):
Based on this data, market size apparently has no statistical impact on how many fouls are called for or against.
---
I also wanted to throw each team’s win percentage so far this season into the mix. Some more interesting results (some of which are pretty much of the "well, duh" variety):
- Best teams: Four of the top six teams by win percentage are large-market teams (L*kers, Celtics, Mavs, and Hawks). There are only two small-market teams in the top ten by win percentage (Blazers and Spurs).
- Worst teams: Four of the bottom six teams by win percentage are also large-market teams (Knicks, Sixers, Warriors, and Nets), with only one small-market team in that mix (Pacers).
- Small-market teams are clustered in the middle of the pack – all but the aforementioned Pacers fall between 7th and 22nd rank by win percentage.
- As mentioned above, large-market teams bookend the standings – they’re either really good or really bad. Only two large-market teams make middle-of-the-pack status, with the Bulls at 18th and the Clippers at 20th.
Here’s a scattergram of FPG differential (y-axis) against win percentage (x-axis):
This chart shows a much more clearly defined correlation between FPG differential and win percentage. The question is one of causality: do teams earn their wins by committing less fouls than they draw, or do refs reward winning teams with a higher number of foul calls?
FWIW – here’s where the Kings stand:
- 21st rank market size (barely making the bottom third to qualify as a small-market team).
- 21st in win percentage at 0.424.
- 27th in FPG differential at -1.7.
Another interesting statistic: No team with a FPG differential of less than -0.5 has a winning record. Only two teams with a FPG differential of greater than 0.5 have a losing record (Bulls at 0.6, and Bobcats at 1.5).
The moral of the story: play aggressive offense and smart team defense, and your chances of winning go way up – regardless of your market size.
Like I said earlier: well, duh.
(This is a FanPost from a member of the Sactown Royalty community. The views expressed come from the member, and not Sactown Royalty staff.)
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Well done doogman.
Thanks for the research.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Way to dig in and get the actual numbers!
It’s easy to say something like small market teams get robbed. Much tough er to spend the time and prove it one way or the other. Now get back to work on your car cover.
""Balance your right to dissent, with your responsibility to contribute."
Gordan Ryan
Nice!
I did not think it was a small versus large market thing… I think that it may be a bias towards teams that are tops in ranking and that have stars on them.
In looking back at the past 15 games the Kings had more fouls than their opponents in 10 of those games. Against team with stars, they had more fouls in 5 of 7 games. I excluded Portland, but if I had included it then that would be 6 of 8 games. Of the 7 games there were two where the Kings had fewer fouls, but that was only by 1 foul in each of these games (vs. Denver, vs Cleveland).
Out of the 7 games against teams with stars on them there were three games that had a huge differential in fouls. This was against the Spurs, Lakers (2nd game), and Mavs. These three games were all about a 10 or more foul difference.
Of the three games, two were on opposing team’s home court and one was in Sac. The two larges blowouts on fouls against teams with stars on them and these were the away or road games fo us.
This is all anecdotal and just looking to see if, inductively, there is a trend in the number of fouls called that is worth further analysis and statistics use.
What might be interesting is to look at the teams with stars on them and see how the number of fouls against other teams with no stars versus those with stars; the number of fouls on the road versus at home; and compare the number of fouls in the above two scenarios to the overall averages, as a baseline for teams.
Thanks!
But I think I’ll pass on the research you suggest. In my opinion, it’s quite apparent that stars do get preferential treatment by the refs, and it’s similarly apparent that there is such a thing as the “home team whistle” in the NBA. As you say, anecdotally these conclusions appear to be airtight – I think this is one of those situations where there’s no question that what we all think we see every night is actually what happens, and any statistical analysis would be somewhat redundant.
My intent in doing the above research was to see if there was any correlation between market size and the friendliness of the refs’ whistles. If there were to be a correlation, I think one could reasonably argue that the League may be trying to influence the game such that larger-market teams are more successful (to try to increase product demand in large markets, and hence increase revenue).
Absent such a correlation, one could argue that the friendliness of the refs’ whistles is influenced mostly by — as stated above — the presence of a top-tier player in the game (for instance, #24 shove-travel-step on sideline-hit the 3) as well as the mood of the home team crowd (not that I’m expert in sociology or psychology, but refs are only (mostly?) human – they cannot help but be slightly influenced by the immediate presence of a vocal, partisan majority).
Whenever you think it can't possibly happen, it probably just did.
Well...
I have learned that unless you can back it up with numbers then you are likely to encounter fairly scathing rebuke on this site. I may go ahead and dig further…
How many times do we have to tell you
It wasn’t the numbers; it was the timing and the way you presented them.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
I know that
I wasn’t complaining about that post. It is legitimate to call somebody out who doesn’t support what they say.
Fair enough.
If you have an opinion, people will most likely have a different one. StR’s too big to have just one varying opinion.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
I would hope we can all agree on one thing
That the Kings are our #1 team. Beyond that, yes, all bets are off.
Well put
And yes, beyond that all bets are off.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Well maybe not MBS
Can’t we all just agree that Peaches is a tool? I think we already did. :)
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Well done.
Although I’ve know you’ve done that before. Hehe
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Heh
Pee-ches.
SACTOWN ROYALTY - Try our thick creamy shakes!
by section214 on Jan 4, 2010 9:51 PM PST up reply actions 2 recs
Can't wait for StR night - Part II
Pee-ches Pee-ches Pee-ches
I may have to make a new style of the Peaches t-shirt…
The Pee-ches t-shirt :)
Do it! Do it!
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Mustang, honestly I think you are reaching
The point you are trying to make could be offset by the fact that winning teams with stars on them are going to have more vets on them than losing teams that are rebuilding through the draft and have more rookies and relatively inexperienced players on them.
"I make love to pressure" - Stephen Jackson
Need for research
This response is exactly why research may be needed. Without researching the issue it really is just opinion enhanced be anecdotes.
Nice work.
This is kind of the tip of the ice burg on what would take countless hours to really understand. I think to get a true read on the entire question, you would have to look at home and road fouls, home large markets versus road small market and other variations like this. I fully expect the Kings to be a top tier +/- free throw team once Martin returns, JT figures it all out and Evans/Casspi begin to get the respect they deserve.
Again, good work and I’m still working on that car cover ; )
No law when it comes to me.
I let you type critics write and I just keep it hood.
That will never change.
I am not kissing no ones ass because I'm in LA. Suck a cock.
-Ron Artest (e-mail exchange with Kyle Slavin)
You're crocheting a car cover?
You really are a house bitch JJ.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Nice work - thanks!
So imitate the action of the tiger!.
Lend the eye a terrible aspect
- and teach them how to war!
Henry V iii
Rec'd for the initiative
Conspiracy theorists probably wanted a different result than what you found, but it is great info. Good job.
The NBA: "Where 27 free throws happens"
Also,
I think that the Kings ranked 7th in free throw attempts last year, due in large part to the Kevin Martin factor.
It’s not where you play. It’s how you play.
SACTOWN ROYALTY - Try our thick creamy shakes!
You're being a master of the understatement today aren't you?
Jeesh, large part to Kevin Martin. Mostly Speed & JT and very few others.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
There are many social credos - let me name two of the more popular
Everyone, I mean everyone, is overworked and underpaid.
The refs are out to get us, they hate us and are the reason we lost (lose).
Long ago, when we had a more vested interest in the playoffs, every game was a spit at the zebra contest, win or lose. And so it is for every other fan of every other team. SactownHeart addressed the referee issue well and the influence of their contracted employer, David Stern’s NBA (I am a big Stern fan but…).
I agree with your conclusion: for the most part, what we see is true for the most part – certain teams and stars get the “benefit of the doubt” but it is also a factor of how they play and not just who they are.
Wonderful stuff and a nice start to whittle down the other influences. You can be StR’s Mark Cuban. As fans, we want it to be fair, but we don’t have an objective perspective of fair. I think you may want to change to crocheting a Boeing 767cover as much time will pass before this issue will be any closer to an answer.
Sweet!
You can be StR’s Mark Cuban.
That means I can get courtside seats to any game I want, my own private jet, and free reign to jump up and down on the court during the middle of any game screaming at the refs and making my douchbaggery fully apparent!!
On second thought, maybe I’ll pass. Even if only on that last part. I’ll still take the seats and the jet.
Whenever you think it can't possibly happen, it probably just did.
Kudos Doogman
Thanks for putting in the work.
Thanks for taking the inititive
I used your link and found what I thought was some interesting info at Statsheet.com.
In the advanced stats they have a catagory called Free Throw Rate. It is the number of FT Attempts divided by the number of FGA’s.
In the Western Conference only Dal, Noh, & Min, have a lower FTR then the Lakers. And, if you compare the number of FT’s to the number of possessions, the same 3 teams are the only teams in the West that shot FT’s at a lower rate. So, the Lakers get fewer FTA’s then most everyother team in the West.
As for the Kings, only the Lakers, Dal, Hou,Noh, & Min, have a lower FTR, and per possession LAL, Dal, Pho, Hou, Noh, Gsw, & Min all shot fewer FT’s per possession. I’m going to make an educated guess on these results. The Kings are right in the middle of the pack when looking at FT/Possessions, but quite low when considering FTR. So, I’m going to surmise that we get fewer FTA’s per possession due to our high turnover rate and large number of long jumpshots which draw fewer fouls than shots in the paint. There isn’t enough data to make a guess as to why the Kings have a FTR in the range of Lal, Dal, & Hou. I’ll leave that for other’s to discuss.
Of course, Dallas & NOH are the only teams in the West that commit fewer fouls than the LAL. While the Kings are called for more fouls than every team except Den & GSW.
As with most statistics, these numbers don’t tell the whole story. It doesn’t tell you how many of the FT came in the 4th quarter of close games or how marginal were the calls. And, there’s no way of telling how many more calls should have been called. Nor does it tell how many times Stars got preferencial calls or no calls.
But, I am willing to say that until the Kings learn how to defend without fouling, they’re going to lose a lot of close games at the foul line.
"If you don't have anything good to say, LIE" - Mom
The greatest impact player in NBA History - Tim Donaghy
and the other part of your last paragraph
is that the Kings need to improve their free throw results in order to capitalize on the FTA’s they are awarded.
"I make love to pressure" - Stephen Jackson
Reke isn't drawing contact on almost every drive?
Thats my question.
So imitate the action of the tiger!.
Lend the eye a terrible aspect
- and teach them how to war!
Henry V iii
by lietothegirls on Jan 4, 2010 5:07 PM PST up reply actions
He blows right through contact though
He doesn’t try to sell any calls like Kobe’s arm flinging.
Father of the "Natt this!" movement and Grandmaster of the "Never let AnotherStupidSN forget what a Sham-Wow is" Order.
He's not a Star yet, he's still a rookie, he's not supposed to get those calls yet.
"If you don't have anything good to say, LIE" - Mom
The greatest impact player in NBA History - Tim Donaghy
Sorry Mr. Donaghy
Won’t happen again.
Father of the "Natt this!" movement and Grandmaster of the "Never let AnotherStupidSN forget what a Sham-Wow is" Order.
Yeah, what Aykis said
I don’t mean this as an insult towards anyone specifically, but why the hell is this a generally understood and readily accepted statement? I’ve heard so many people over the years parrot some variation of the “that’s a call a veteran gets/that’s not a call a rookie gets” and yet no one seems to actually listen to these words and really think about them. The rules change depending on how long you’ve played the game? So what’s the cutoff? “Congratulations on making it to year 5 of the NBA, here’s how to do the secret handshake and your pass for 5 free bullshit calls every season”? What if you’re a veteran but horribly suck? I can’t remember the last time I saw, say, Brian Scalabrine push off of someone and hit a game winning 3 with his foot out of bounds. I would assume that there is some mystical equation the referees use then, like Players Skill x Years Played = Likelihood of a favorable call? And why is this really only seen in the NBA? Aside from maybe Tom Brady crying for a roughing the passer call earlier this season, I can’t think of any times I saw hugely varying calls based on skill level/years played in either the NFL or the NHL.
Do you get paid more the 1st year on the job (generally speaking)?
Or the 5th year on the job? It’s human nature. You’re talking about the way you want it; not the way things actually work. Nature is not a vacuum rsheldon. Sorry.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
There was an excellent post a little while back about Stars, Refs & marketing.
If someone has a link, please post.
I’ll try to paraphrase. The NBA uses Star power to sell itself. Players like Kobe, LeBron, Paul, Wade, and others represent the NBA, and the NBA wants their fans to keep watching them. Not just this year but for years to come. And, they make sure that the stars don’t lose their luster. That’s why you see guys like McGrady getting ALL-Star ballot votes, even when he’s hurt and not playing.
And, these players have fans all across the country. And, so when these Star players play, even away from home, they get treated differently. You almost never see a star foul out of a game unless he’s going against a bigger star, but that’s still almost never. But, who’s going to care if a Donte or JT foul out of a close game. The only people watching are Laker/Kobe fans across the country, and a few Kings fans scattered here and there.
If Kobe make a game winning shot against a lottery team, it means more Kobe jerseys sold all across the country, and more people tuned into the next Laker game on TNT. The Kings win, and no big deal. At best we sell a thousand more tickets to the next game.
"If you don't have anything good to say, LIE" - Mom
The greatest impact player in NBA History - Tim Donaghy
I completely understand every point you and pookey said
These are all things I knew before I posted; my point was, although you hear that statement often, what does it really mean? And, perhaps more importantly, what does it mean about the sport that most every semi-serious to hardcore fan knows and accepts this fact? Why do NBA fans know that certain players get certain calls while others do not, and this is just accepted as “part of the game”?
Things like this are what give people like Donaghy credibility. I’m not arguing for or against the accuracy or validity of his statements, I’m just saying that, in my opinion, the fact that star calls are such a large and accepted part of the NBA makes it exponentially more difficult to argue that the outcome of a game between two teams truly comes down to who plays best and not based off of what will sell more commercial time and sneakers.
Donaghy has no credibility.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Heavily rec'd
Whether you agree with the findings or not (I do), this is an incredibly well designed and developed FanPost.
SACTOWN ROYALTY - Try our thick creamy shakes!
Does market size equal TV ratings?
Fouls and TV ratings: Correlation?
Why lump Clippers with Lakers?
Are Clipper TV ratings the same as Laker TV ratings?
Fouls and #allstars/hall of famers on team: Correlation? …and then factor in market and tv variables…
Are Nets/Knicks TV ratings higher than the Cavs/Orlando TV ratings?
Market-size concern
First of all, this is a great research. I’m amazed with how interested you Americans are with sports in a genuine, even scientific way. I love it.
As I see it the main problem is not the referee favoritism in the large markets, rather than in the popular and more commercial teams/players. Most of the times, popular teams are based on large markets but that’s not always the case. To me, the “popular” factor is more important than the “large market” factor.
For example when the Spurs (small market) were hot, the refs always supported them (ie. remember the series vs Phoenix and Amare’s, Diaw’s suspensions etc – Phoenix is a larger market). Or the series against us (4-2) when Artest got suspended and they didn’t touch Manu.
Remember how the Bulls were kicked out of the playoffs in their series vs the Celtics 3-4 (ie. no flagrant foul/suspension on Rondo for his foul on Brad Miller etc plus many one sided matches during the series). Chicago is a bigger market, but the Cs had the super trio which was far more popular. The refs could have also stopped our huge -35 come back vs the Bulls the other day by calling 2-3 more fouls on us, but they didn’t.
Again, the Hawks are regularly unfavored against the Cavs (shot clock incident) and Atlanta is a bigger market. We also had one sided refereeing 2 years ago in the playoff series Hawks vs Celtics 3-4.
The Knicks are definitely not favored. They have no popular players and they probably are a role model team to avoid, same goes for NJ.
My point is that the research should be based on commercial/popular players and not large vs small markets. I’m sure the Spurs have sold thousands more jerseys of Duncan, Manu and Parker worldwide than all the Bulls in the post-Jordan era put together.
Sorry for any mistakes (Greek here). Better late than ever: Happy new year!
Very interesting thoughts
I’m working on some further research, and I’d love to see if there’s any correlation between whistle friendliness and team/player popularity. I’m going to try to find some numbers on team and/or player merchandising revenue as a measurement for popularity, and see what shakes out. Thanks for your input!
Whenever you think it can't possibly happen, it probably just did.
That I'm interested to see.
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea
Maybe Jersey sales statistics?
I remember at one point that Jason Williams Jersey sales led the league.
Father of the "Natt this!" movement and Grandmaster of the "Never let AnotherStupidSN forget what a Sham-Wow is" Order.
The more rocks you turn over
The more worms you find.
I’ve done a bunch more research and analysis. A much longer follow-up FanPost is in the works (stupid work getting in the way).
Very interesting stuff… can’t wait to get everyone’s feedback.
Whenever you think it can't possibly happen, it probably just did.
OH BOy!
No mistakes in the tango, darling. Not like life. Simple. That's what makes the tango so great. If you make a mistake, and get all tangled up, you just tango on.....
Oh, hes in the laegue two and Jayson Thomson and that Boggins dude on Milwokee, and Occur for the Jizz. Its a talented laegue.--Kfan in Korea

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